Studying the life histories of the pests: By understanding how the pests spread and its stages in life history, the seeds can be sown at that time to reduce the damage to the crop.
Biological control:Introducing natural predators or parasites of the pests.
Sterility :Rendering the males of a pest species sterile
Genetic strains: The development of genetic strains (genetically modified plants) which are resistant to certain pest.
Environmental ethics: This is concerned with morality of human activities as they affect the environment. People need to know besides laws regarding environment there are some basic ethics what is right and what is wrong in view of environment. So one should have awareness about our environment.Protect nature Protect yourselves.Read the poem "Or will the dreamer wake" given in unit-VI in your english reader of class-10.

Courtesy-1: Research paper on status of Kolleru Lake between 1967 and 2004 by Marappan et.al., 2006.

Courtesy-2: International Jornal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research. This research was done by Vidya Sagar Gummadavelli, Ravi Shankar Piska, Srinu Noothi and Pavan K. Manikonda.

Key words
Food chain, Food web, Niche, Ecological Pyramid, Biomass, Pesticides, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Ecofriendly activities, Environmental ethics, metal contamination

What we have learnt

Food chain shows that how energy passes from one organism to another.
The arrows between different trophic levels in the food chain always point from the food to feeder.
Ecological pyramids are the ways of showing food relationship and flow of energy among living things.
A pyramid is a structure whose shape is roughly that of a pyramid in geometric sense. Pyramid of numbers shows the population of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain.
Pyramid of biomass represents the available food as a source of energy at each trophic level in the food chain.
Biomass can also be used as a biofuel
Pyramid of energy is always upright.
The pesticides used to control the pests are toxic and cause a threat to the environment.
Bioaccumulation is the entry of pollutants into the food chain
The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next is known as Biomagnification.



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